The Montevideo Consensus on Population and Development is the most important intergovernmental agreement on this topic in Latin America and the Caribbean and it is the region’s vehicle for implementing the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development. It also contributes to achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development from the perspective of population and human rights. The Consensus was adopted by the region’s countries at the first session of the Regional Conference on Population and Development, held in Montevideo in August 2013. Since then, it has become established as one of the most advanced instruments on population and development in the world: by means of ten priority measures, it promotes a rights-based approach to the public policies of the region’s countries, with a gender, intercultural and intersectional perspective. Since adopting the Montevideo Consensus, the region’s governments have shown a strong commitment to implementing it, and civil society organizations, including academia, have played a crucial role in this process. The Montevideo Consensus has also contributed to strengthening government accountability and has helped to build awareness in the region’s countries of the critical importance of the population and development agenda, and of the need to work on all its dimensions in order to tackle the structural factors that make Latin America and the Caribbean the most unequal region in the world. The inequalities addressed by the Montevideo Consensus include socioeconomic level, age, area of residence, gender identity, ethnic and racial origin, sexual orientation, migratory status and disability. For all these reasons, ten years after its adoption, ECLAC reaffirms that the Montevideo Consensus is a key tool for making progress on the fight against poverty and inequality in the region, as well as on the inclusion of population groups in situations of vulnerability, and for ensuring the exercise of sexual and reproductive rights, leaving no one behind.